The strength and authority of science in society, such as it is, relies on a commonly held belief that scientific findings are objective and impervious to the biases of its practitioners. Scientific facts – including the way human bodies respond to medical interventions – must be recognized and trusted as facts, until new studies and experiments come along to update the old facts or replace them. Identifying and controlling for variables during a clinical study is a key principle of the scientific enterprise, one that distinguishes rigorous and actionable conclusions from studies that distort reality, lead to poor policy decisions, or worse.
All studies have limitations, whether they are acknowledged or not: human biology, including the function of roughly 20% of proteins...